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                           <rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies Raj Jain Washington University in Saint Louis Saint Louis, MO 63130 Jain@cse.wustl.edu" xmpDM:startTime="0" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="These slides and audio/video recordings of this class lecture are at: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-19/" xmpDM:startTime="0" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="." xmpDM:startTime="0" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="data_center_network_center" xmpDM:startTime="0" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Overview Data Center Physical Layout Data Center Network Cabling ToR vs." xmpDM:startTime="29533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="EoR Clos and Fat-Tree topologies" xmpDM:startTime="29533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Google’s Data Center 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switches connect to 2 core L3 switches Core L3 switches connect to edge routers Core layer forwards data" xmpDM:startTime="2058633" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="center ingress and egress traffic Ref: A." xmpDM:startTime="2058633" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Greenberg, &quot;VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center Network,&quot; CACM, Vol." xmpDM:startTime="2058633" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="54, NO." xmpDM:startTime="2058633" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3, March 2011, pp." xmpDM:startTime="2058633" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="95-104, http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/80693/vl2-sigcomm09-final.pdf‎." xmpDM:startTime="2058633" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="L3 L2" xmpDM:startTime="2058633" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies: 3-Tier Core, Aggregation, Access CV800205 Source: Santana 2014" xmpDM:startTime="2211367" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks 20-40 servers per rack." xmpDM:startTime="2243800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Limited by power/cooling Each server connected to 2 access switches with 1 Gbps (10 Gbps becoming common) Access switches connect" xmpDM:startTime="2243800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="to 2 aggregation All switches below each pair of aggregation switches form a single layer-2 domain All traffic north of" xmpDM:startTime="2243800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches forwarded by L3 routing (South = Servers, North = Internet) Þ Aggregation switches are L3 switches Þ implement" xmpDM:startTime="2243800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="routing Aggregation switches connect to 2 core L3 switches Core L3 switches connect to edge routers Core layer forwards data" xmpDM:startTime="2243800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="center ingress and egress traffic Ref: A." xmpDM:startTime="2243800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Greenberg, &quot;VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center Network,&quot; CACM, Vol." xmpDM:startTime="2243800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="54, NO." xmpDM:startTime="2243800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3, March 2011, pp." xmpDM:startTime="2243800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="95-104, http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/80693/vl2-sigcomm09-final.pdf‎." xmpDM:startTime="2243800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="L3 L2" xmpDM:startTime="2243800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies: 3-Tier Core, Aggregation, Access CV800205 Source: Santana 2014" xmpDM:startTime="2265467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks 20-40 servers per rack." xmpDM:startTime="2271800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Limited by power/cooling Each server connected to 2 access switches with 1 Gbps (10 Gbps becoming common) Access switches connect" xmpDM:startTime="2271800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="to 2 aggregation All switches below each pair of aggregation switches form a single layer-2 domain All traffic north of" xmpDM:startTime="2271800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches forwarded by L3 routing (South = Servers, North = Internet) Þ Aggregation switches are L3 switches Þ implement" xmpDM:startTime="2271800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="routing Aggregation switches connect to 2 core L3 switches Core L3 switches connect to edge routers Core layer forwards data" xmpDM:startTime="2271800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="center ingress and egress traffic Ref: A." xmpDM:startTime="2271800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Greenberg, &quot;VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center Network,&quot; CACM, Vol." xmpDM:startTime="2271800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="54, NO." xmpDM:startTime="2271800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3, March 2011, pp." xmpDM:startTime="2271800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="95-104, http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/80693/vl2-sigcomm09-final.pdf‎." xmpDM:startTime="2271800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="L3 L2" xmpDM:startTime="2271800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies: 3-Tier Core, Aggregation, Access CV800205 Source: Santana 2014" xmpDM:startTime="2275800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks 20-40 servers per rack." xmpDM:startTime="2355400" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Limited by power/cooling Each server connected to 2 access switches with 1 Gbps (10 Gbps becoming common) Access switches connect" xmpDM:startTime="2355400" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="to 2 aggregation All switches below each pair of aggregation switches form a single layer-2 domain All traffic north of" xmpDM:startTime="2355400" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches forwarded by L3 routing (South = Servers, North = Internet) Þ Aggregation switches are L3 switches Þ implement" xmpDM:startTime="2355400" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="routing Aggregation switches connect to 2 core L3 switches Core L3 switches connect to edge routers Core layer forwards data" xmpDM:startTime="2355400" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="center ingress and egress traffic Ref: A." xmpDM:startTime="2355400" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Greenberg, &quot;VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center Network,&quot; CACM, Vol." xmpDM:startTime="2355400" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="54, NO." xmpDM:startTime="2355400" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3, March 2011, pp." xmpDM:startTime="2355400" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="95-104, http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/80693/vl2-sigcomm09-final.pdf‎." xmpDM:startTime="2355400" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="L3 L2" xmpDM:startTime="2355400" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies: 3-Tier Core, Aggregation, Access CV800205 Source: Santana 2014" xmpDM:startTime="2366900" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks 20-40 servers per rack." xmpDM:startTime="2380233" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Limited by power/cooling Each server connected to 2 access switches with 1 Gbps (10 Gbps becoming common) Access switches connect" xmpDM:startTime="2380233" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="to 2 aggregation All switches below each pair of aggregation switches form a single layer-2 domain All traffic north of" xmpDM:startTime="2380233" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches forwarded by L3 routing (South = Servers, North = Internet) Þ Aggregation switches are L3 switches Þ implement" xmpDM:startTime="2380233" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="routing Aggregation switches connect to 2 core L3 switches Core L3 switches connect to edge routers Core layer forwards data" xmpDM:startTime="2380233" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="center ingress and egress traffic Ref: A." xmpDM:startTime="2380233" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Greenberg, &quot;VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center Network,&quot; CACM, Vol." xmpDM:startTime="2380233" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="54, NO." xmpDM:startTime="2380233" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3, March 2011, pp." xmpDM:startTime="2380233" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="95-104, http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/80693/vl2-sigcomm09-final.pdf‎." xmpDM:startTime="2380233" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="L3 L2" xmpDM:startTime="2380233" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks (Cont) Aggregation layer is also a place to put middleboxes, such as, firewalls, load balancers Access" xmpDM:startTime="2399700" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Layer provide high number of ports for connectivity." xmpDM:startTime="2399700" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Low Latency: In high-frequency trading market, a few microseconds make a big difference." xmpDM:startTime="2399700" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name=" Cut-through switching and low-latency specifications." xmpDM:startTime="2399700" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Each Layer 2 domain typically limited to a few hundred servers to limit broadcast Most traffic is internal to the" xmpDM:startTime="2399700" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="data center." xmpDM:startTime="2399700" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Most of the flows are small." xmpDM:startTime="2399700" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mode = 100 MB." xmpDM:startTime="2399700" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="DFS uses 100 MB chunks." xmpDM:startTime="2399700" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Aggregation layer forwards server-to-server traffic in the data center =&gt; Not ideal for East-West Traffic Network is the bottleneck." xmpDM:startTime="2399700" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Uplinks utilization of 80% is common." xmpDM:startTime="2399700" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="2399700" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Switch Locations CV800207 Source: Santana 2014 Smaller cable between servers and switches Network team has to manage switches on all" xmpDM:startTime="2457800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="racks All network switches in one rack" xmpDM:startTime="2457800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks (Cont) Aggregation layer is also a place to put middleboxes, such as, firewalls, load balancers Access" xmpDM:startTime="2459600" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Layer provide high number of ports for connectivity." xmpDM:startTime="2459600" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Low Latency: In high-frequency trading market, a few microseconds make a big difference." xmpDM:startTime="2459600" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name=" Cut-through switching and low-latency specifications." xmpDM:startTime="2459600" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Each Layer 2 domain typically limited to a few hundred servers to limit broadcast Most traffic is internal to the" xmpDM:startTime="2459600" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="data center." xmpDM:startTime="2459600" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Most of the flows are small." xmpDM:startTime="2459600" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mode = 100 MB." xmpDM:startTime="2459600" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="DFS uses 100 MB chunks." xmpDM:startTime="2459600" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Aggregation layer forwards server-to-server traffic in the data center =&gt; Not ideal for East-West Traffic Network is the bottleneck." xmpDM:startTime="2459600" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Uplinks utilization of 80% is common." xmpDM:startTime="2459600" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="2459600" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks 20-40 servers per rack." xmpDM:startTime="2459833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Limited by power/cooling Each server connected to 2 access switches with 1 Gbps (10 Gbps becoming common) Access switches connect" xmpDM:startTime="2459833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="to 2 aggregation All switches below each pair of aggregation switches form a single layer-2 domain All traffic north of" xmpDM:startTime="2459833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches forwarded by L3 routing (South = Servers, North = Internet) Þ Aggregation switches are L3 switches Þ implement" xmpDM:startTime="2459833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="routing Aggregation switches connect to 2 core L3 switches Core L3 switches connect to edge routers Core layer forwards data" xmpDM:startTime="2459833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="center ingress and egress traffic Ref: A." xmpDM:startTime="2459833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Greenberg, &quot;VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center Network,&quot; CACM, Vol." xmpDM:startTime="2459833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="54, NO." xmpDM:startTime="2459833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3, March 2011, pp." xmpDM:startTime="2459833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="95-104, http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/80693/vl2-sigcomm09-final.pdf‎." xmpDM:startTime="2459833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="L3 L2" xmpDM:startTime="2459833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies: 3-Tier Core, Aggregation, Access CV800205 Source: Santana 2014" xmpDM:startTime="2460267" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks 20-40 servers per rack." xmpDM:startTime="2481000" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Limited by power/cooling Each server connected to 2 access switches with 1 Gbps (10 Gbps becoming common) Access switches connect" xmpDM:startTime="2481000" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="to 2 aggregation All switches below each pair of aggregation switches form a single layer-2 domain All traffic north of" xmpDM:startTime="2481000" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches forwarded by L3 routing (South = Servers, North = Internet) Þ Aggregation switches are L3 switches Þ implement" xmpDM:startTime="2481000" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="routing Aggregation switches connect to 2 core L3 switches Core L3 switches connect to edge routers Core layer forwards data" xmpDM:startTime="2481000" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="center ingress and egress traffic Ref: A." xmpDM:startTime="2481000" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Greenberg, &quot;VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center Network,&quot; CACM, Vol." xmpDM:startTime="2481000" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="54, NO." xmpDM:startTime="2481000" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3, March 2011, pp." xmpDM:startTime="2481000" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="95-104, http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/80693/vl2-sigcomm09-final.pdf‎." xmpDM:startTime="2481000" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="L3 L2" xmpDM:startTime="2481000" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks (Cont) Aggregation layer is also a place to put middleboxes, such as, firewalls, load balancers Access" xmpDM:startTime="2482300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Layer provide high number of ports for connectivity." xmpDM:startTime="2482300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Low Latency: In high-frequency trading market, a few microseconds make a big difference." xmpDM:startTime="2482300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name=" Cut-through switching and low-latency specifications." xmpDM:startTime="2482300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Each Layer 2 domain typically limited to a few hundred servers to limit broadcast Most traffic is internal to the" xmpDM:startTime="2482300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="data center." xmpDM:startTime="2482300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Most of the flows are small." xmpDM:startTime="2482300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mode = 100 MB." xmpDM:startTime="2482300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="DFS uses 100 MB chunks." xmpDM:startTime="2482300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Aggregation layer forwards server-to-server traffic in the data center =&gt; Not ideal for East-West Traffic Network is the bottleneck." xmpDM:startTime="2482300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Uplinks utilization of 80% is common." xmpDM:startTime="2482300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="2482300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks 20-40 servers per rack." xmpDM:startTime="2879533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Limited by power/cooling Each server connected to 2 access switches with 1 Gbps (10 Gbps becoming common) Access switches connect" xmpDM:startTime="2879533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="to 2 aggregation All switches below each pair of aggregation switches form a single layer-2 domain All traffic north of" xmpDM:startTime="2879533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches forwarded by L3 routing (South = Servers, North = Internet) Þ Aggregation switches are L3 switches Þ implement" xmpDM:startTime="2879533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="routing Aggregation switches connect to 2 core L3 switches Core L3 switches connect to edge routers Core layer forwards data" xmpDM:startTime="2879533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="center ingress and egress traffic Ref: A." xmpDM:startTime="2879533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Greenberg, &quot;VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center Network,&quot; CACM, Vol." xmpDM:startTime="2879533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="54, NO." xmpDM:startTime="2879533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3, March 2011, pp." xmpDM:startTime="2879533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="95-104, http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/80693/vl2-sigcomm09-final.pdf‎." xmpDM:startTime="2879533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="L3 L2" xmpDM:startTime="2879533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies: 3-Tier Core, Aggregation, Access CV800205 Source: Santana 2014" xmpDM:startTime="2879867" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks 20-40 servers per rack." xmpDM:startTime="2930100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Limited by power/cooling Each server connected to 2 access switches with 1 Gbps (10 Gbps becoming common) Access switches connect" xmpDM:startTime="2930100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="to 2 aggregation All switches below each pair of aggregation switches form a single layer-2 domain All traffic north of" xmpDM:startTime="2930100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches forwarded by L3 routing (South = Servers, North = Internet) Þ Aggregation switches are L3 switches Þ implement" xmpDM:startTime="2930100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="routing Aggregation switches connect to 2 core L3 switches Core L3 switches connect to edge routers Core layer forwards data" xmpDM:startTime="2930100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="center ingress and egress traffic Ref: A." xmpDM:startTime="2930100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Greenberg, &quot;VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center Network,&quot; CACM, Vol." xmpDM:startTime="2930100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="54, NO." xmpDM:startTime="2930100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3, March 2011, pp." xmpDM:startTime="2930100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="95-104, http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/80693/vl2-sigcomm09-final.pdf‎." xmpDM:startTime="2930100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="L3 L2" xmpDM:startTime="2930100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks (Cont) Aggregation layer is also a place to put middleboxes, such as, firewalls, load balancers Access" xmpDM:startTime="2930767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Layer provide high number of ports for connectivity." xmpDM:startTime="2930767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Low Latency: In high-frequency trading market, a few microseconds make a big difference." xmpDM:startTime="2930767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name=" Cut-through switching and low-latency specifications." xmpDM:startTime="2930767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Each Layer 2 domain typically limited to a few hundred servers to limit broadcast Most traffic is internal to the" xmpDM:startTime="2930767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="data center." xmpDM:startTime="2930767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Most of the flows are small." xmpDM:startTime="2930767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mode = 100 MB." xmpDM:startTime="2930767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="DFS uses 100 MB chunks." xmpDM:startTime="2930767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Aggregation layer forwards server-to-server traffic in the data center =&gt; Not ideal for East-West Traffic Network is the bottleneck." xmpDM:startTime="2930767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Uplinks utilization of 80% is common." xmpDM:startTime="2930767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="2930767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Switch Locations CV800207 Source: Santana 2014 Smaller cable between servers and switches Network team has to manage switches on all" xmpDM:startTime="2932400" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="racks All network switches in one rack" xmpDM:startTime="2932400" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks (Cont) Aggregation layer is also a place to put middleboxes, such as, firewalls, load balancers Access" xmpDM:startTime="2933733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Layer provide high number of ports for connectivity." xmpDM:startTime="2933733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Low Latency: In high-frequency trading market, a few microseconds make a big difference." xmpDM:startTime="2933733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name=" Cut-through switching and low-latency specifications." xmpDM:startTime="2933733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Each Layer 2 domain typically limited to a few hundred servers to limit broadcast Most traffic is internal to the" xmpDM:startTime="2933733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="data center." xmpDM:startTime="2933733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Most of the flows are small." xmpDM:startTime="2933733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mode = 100 MB." xmpDM:startTime="2933733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="DFS uses 100 MB chunks." xmpDM:startTime="2933733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Aggregation layer forwards server-to-server traffic in the data center =&gt; Not ideal for East-West Traffic Network is the bottleneck." xmpDM:startTime="2933733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Uplinks utilization of 80% is common." xmpDM:startTime="2933733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="2933733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Switch Locations CV800207 Source: Santana 2014 Smaller cable between servers and switches Network team has to manage switches on all" xmpDM:startTime="2994000" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="racks All network switches in one rack" xmpDM:startTime="2994000" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="ToR vs EoR ToR: + Easier cabling - If rack is not fully populated  unused ToR ports - If" xmpDM:startTime="3090267" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="rack traffic demand is high, difficult to add more ports - Upgrading (1G to 10G) requires complete Rack upgrade EoR:" xmpDM:startTime="3090267" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="- Longer cables + Severs can be placed in any rack + Ports can easily added, upgraded" xmpDM:startTime="3090267" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Switch Locations CV800207 Source: Santana 2014 Smaller cable between servers and switches Network team has to manage switches on all" xmpDM:startTime="3109833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="racks All network switches in one rack" xmpDM:startTime="3109833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="ToR vs EoR ToR: + Easier cabling - If rack is not fully populated  unused ToR ports - If" xmpDM:startTime="3125500" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="rack traffic demand is high, difficult to add more ports - Upgrading (1G to 10G) requires complete Rack upgrade EoR:" xmpDM:startTime="3125500" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="- Longer cables + Severs can be placed in any rack + Ports can easily added, upgraded" xmpDM:startTime="3125500" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Hierarchical Network Design All servers require application delivery services for security (VPN, Intrusion detection, firewall), performance (load balancer), networking" xmpDM:startTime="3145333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="(DNS, DHCP, NTP, FTP, RADIUS), Database services (SQL) ADCs are located between the aggregation and core routers and are shared" xmpDM:startTime="3145333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="by all servers Stateful devices (firewalls) on Aggregation layer Stateful = State of TCP connection Source: Santana 2014" xmpDM:startTime="3145333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Problem with 3-Tier Topology Failure of a single link can reduce the available bandwidth by half With more than two" xmpDM:startTime="3309200" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches, spanning tree becomes unpredictable in case of certain failures." xmpDM:startTime="3309200" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Two aggregation switch =&gt; They are the bottleneck It is not possible for VLANs to span across multiple pairs of" xmpDM:startTime="3309200" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches since the pairs are connected by L3 VLAN provisioning becomes laborious Ref: Dinesh G." xmpDM:startTime="3309200" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Dutt, &quot;Cloud-Native Data Center Networking,&quot; O'Reilly Media, Inc.," xmpDM:startTime="3309200" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="December 2019, ISBN: 9781492045595, Safari Book." xmpDM:startTime="3309200" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="3309200" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Hierarchical Network Design All servers require application delivery services for security (VPN, Intrusion detection, firewall), performance (load balancer), networking" xmpDM:startTime="3367900" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="(DNS, DHCP, NTP, FTP, RADIUS), Database services (SQL) ADCs are located between the aggregation and core routers and are shared" xmpDM:startTime="3367900" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="by all servers Stateful devices (firewalls) on Aggregation layer Stateful = State of TCP connection Source: Santana 2014" xmpDM:startTime="3367900" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="ToR vs EoR ToR: + Easier cabling - If rack is not fully populated  unused ToR ports - If" xmpDM:startTime="3368233" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="rack traffic demand is high, difficult to add more ports - Upgrading (1G to 10G) requires complete Rack upgrade EoR:" xmpDM:startTime="3368233" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="- Longer cables + Severs can be placed in any rack + Ports can easily added, upgraded" xmpDM:startTime="3368233" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Switch Locations CV800207 Source: Santana 2014 Smaller cable between servers and switches Network team has to manage switches on all" xmpDM:startTime="3368633" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="racks All network switches in one rack" xmpDM:startTime="3368633" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks (Cont) Aggregation layer is also a place to put middleboxes, such as, firewalls, load balancers Access" xmpDM:startTime="3369433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Layer provide high number of ports for connectivity." xmpDM:startTime="3369433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Low Latency: In high-frequency trading market, a few microseconds make a big difference." xmpDM:startTime="3369433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name=" Cut-through switching and low-latency specifications." xmpDM:startTime="3369433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Each Layer 2 domain typically limited to a few hundred servers to limit broadcast Most traffic is internal to the" xmpDM:startTime="3369433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="data center." xmpDM:startTime="3369433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Most of the flows are small." xmpDM:startTime="3369433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mode = 100 MB." xmpDM:startTime="3369433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="DFS uses 100 MB chunks." xmpDM:startTime="3369433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Aggregation layer forwards server-to-server traffic in the data center =&gt; Not ideal for East-West Traffic Network is the bottleneck." xmpDM:startTime="3369433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Uplinks utilization of 80% is common." xmpDM:startTime="3369433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="3369433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks 20-40 servers per rack." xmpDM:startTime="3369933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Limited by power/cooling Each server connected to 2 access switches with 1 Gbps (10 Gbps becoming common) Access switches connect" xmpDM:startTime="3369933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="to 2 aggregation All switches below each pair of aggregation switches form a single layer-2 domain All traffic north of" xmpDM:startTime="3369933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches forwarded by L3 routing (South = Servers, North = Internet) Þ Aggregation switches are L3 switches Þ implement" xmpDM:startTime="3369933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="routing Aggregation switches connect to 2 core L3 switches Core L3 switches connect to edge routers Core layer forwards data" xmpDM:startTime="3369933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="center ingress and egress traffic Ref: A." xmpDM:startTime="3369933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Greenberg, &quot;VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center Network,&quot; CACM, Vol." xmpDM:startTime="3369933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="54, NO." xmpDM:startTime="3369933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3, March 2011, pp." xmpDM:startTime="3369933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="95-104, http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/80693/vl2-sigcomm09-final.pdf‎." xmpDM:startTime="3369933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="L3 L2" xmpDM:startTime="3369933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies: 3-Tier Core, Aggregation, Access CV800205 Source: Santana 2014" xmpDM:startTime="3370400" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks 20-40 servers per rack." xmpDM:startTime="3393067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Limited by power/cooling Each server connected to 2 access switches with 1 Gbps (10 Gbps becoming common) Access switches connect" xmpDM:startTime="3393067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="to 2 aggregation All switches below each pair of aggregation switches form a single layer-2 domain All traffic north of" xmpDM:startTime="3393067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches forwarded by L3 routing (South = Servers, North = Internet) Þ Aggregation switches are L3 switches Þ implement" xmpDM:startTime="3393067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="routing Aggregation switches connect to 2 core L3 switches Core L3 switches connect to edge routers Core layer forwards data" xmpDM:startTime="3393067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="center ingress and egress traffic Ref: A." xmpDM:startTime="3393067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Greenberg, &quot;VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center Network,&quot; CACM, Vol." xmpDM:startTime="3393067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="54, NO." xmpDM:startTime="3393067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3, March 2011, pp." xmpDM:startTime="3393067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="95-104, http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/80693/vl2-sigcomm09-final.pdf‎." xmpDM:startTime="3393067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="L3 L2" xmpDM:startTime="3393067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks (Cont) Aggregation layer is also a place to put middleboxes, such as, firewalls, load balancers Access" xmpDM:startTime="3394467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Layer provide high number of ports for connectivity." xmpDM:startTime="3394467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Low Latency: In high-frequency trading market, a few microseconds make a big difference." xmpDM:startTime="3394467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name=" Cut-through switching and low-latency specifications." xmpDM:startTime="3394467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Each Layer 2 domain typically limited to a few hundred servers to limit broadcast Most traffic is internal to the" xmpDM:startTime="3394467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="data center." xmpDM:startTime="3394467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Most of the flows are small." xmpDM:startTime="3394467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mode = 100 MB." xmpDM:startTime="3394467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="DFS uses 100 MB chunks." xmpDM:startTime="3394467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Aggregation layer forwards server-to-server traffic in the data center =&gt; Not ideal for East-West Traffic Network is the bottleneck." xmpDM:startTime="3394467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Uplinks utilization of 80% is common." xmpDM:startTime="3394467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="3394467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Switch Locations CV800207 Source: Santana 2014 Smaller cable between servers and switches Network team has to manage switches on all" xmpDM:startTime="3395267" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="racks All network switches in one rack" xmpDM:startTime="3395267" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="ToR vs EoR ToR: + Easier cabling - If rack is not fully populated  unused ToR ports - If" xmpDM:startTime="3395733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="rack traffic demand is high, difficult to add more ports - Upgrading (1G to 10G) requires complete Rack upgrade EoR:" xmpDM:startTime="3395733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="- Longer cables + Severs can be placed in any rack + Ports can easily added, upgraded" xmpDM:startTime="3395733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Hierarchical Network Design All servers require application delivery services for security (VPN, Intrusion detection, firewall), performance (load balancer), networking" xmpDM:startTime="3396467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="(DNS, DHCP, NTP, FTP, RADIUS), Database services (SQL) ADCs are located between the aggregation and core routers and are shared" xmpDM:startTime="3396467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="by all servers Stateful devices (firewalls) on Aggregation layer Stateful = State of TCP connection Source: Santana 2014" xmpDM:startTime="3396467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Problem with 3-Tier Topology Failure of a single link can reduce the available bandwidth by half With more than two" xmpDM:startTime="3399733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches, spanning tree becomes unpredictable in case of certain failures." xmpDM:startTime="3399733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Two aggregation switch =&gt; They are the bottleneck It is not possible for VLANs to span across multiple pairs of" xmpDM:startTime="3399733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches since the pairs are connected by L3 VLAN provisioning becomes laborious Ref: Dinesh G." xmpDM:startTime="3399733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Dutt, &quot;Cloud-Native Data Center Networking,&quot; O'Reilly Media, Inc.," xmpDM:startTime="3399733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="December 2019, ISBN: 9781492045595, Safari Book." xmpDM:startTime="3399733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="3399733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Clos Networks Multi-stage circuit switching network proposed by Charles Clos in 1953 for telephone switching systems Allows forming a large" xmpDM:startTime="3482933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="switch from smaller switches The number of cross-points is reduced  Lower cost (then) 3-Stage Clos(n, m, r): ingress (rn×m)," xmpDM:startTime="3482933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="middle (mr×r), egress (rm×n) Strict-sense non-blocking if m &gt; 2n-1." xmpDM:startTime="3482933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Existing calls unaffected." xmpDM:startTime="3482933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Rearrangeably non-blocking if m &gt; n Can have any odd number of stages, e.g.," xmpDM:startTime="3482933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="5 Folded: Merge input and output in to one switch n×m n×m r×r r×r r×r m×n m×n Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clos_network" xmpDM:startTime="3482933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="r×r r×r r×r r=2, n=4, m=3 n+m port switches r-port switches" xmpDM:startTime="3482933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Homework 3A Draw a 3-stage clos(4,5,3) topology and its folded version." xmpDM:startTime="3483633" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="3483633" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Clos Networks Multi-stage circuit switching network proposed by Charles Clos in 1953 for telephone switching systems Allows forming a large" xmpDM:startTime="3484667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="switch from smaller switches The number of cross-points is reduced  Lower cost (then) 3-Stage Clos(n, m, r): ingress (rn×m)," xmpDM:startTime="3484667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="middle (mr×r), egress (rm×n) Strict-sense non-blocking if m &gt; 2n-1." xmpDM:startTime="3484667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Existing calls unaffected." xmpDM:startTime="3484667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Rearrangeably non-blocking if m &gt; n Can have any odd number of stages, e.g.," xmpDM:startTime="3484667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="5 Folded: Merge input and output in to one switch n×m n×m r×r r×r r×r m×n m×n Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clos_network" xmpDM:startTime="3484667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="r×r r×r r×r r=2, n=4, m=3 n+m port switches r-port switches" xmpDM:startTime="3484667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Problem with 3-Tier Topology Failure of a single link can reduce the available bandwidth by half With more than two" xmpDM:startTime="3484833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches, spanning tree becomes unpredictable in case of certain failures." xmpDM:startTime="3484833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Two aggregation switch =&gt; They are the bottleneck It is not possible for VLANs to span across multiple pairs of" xmpDM:startTime="3484833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches since the pairs are connected by L3 VLAN provisioning becomes laborious Ref: Dinesh G." xmpDM:startTime="3484833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Dutt, &quot;Cloud-Native Data Center Networking,&quot; O'Reilly Media, Inc.," xmpDM:startTime="3484833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="December 2019, ISBN: 9781492045595, Safari Book." xmpDM:startTime="3484833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="3484833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Hierarchical Network Design All servers require application delivery services for security (VPN, Intrusion detection, firewall), performance (load balancer), networking" xmpDM:startTime="3485033" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="(DNS, DHCP, NTP, FTP, RADIUS), Database services (SQL) ADCs are located between the aggregation and core routers and are shared" xmpDM:startTime="3485033" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="by all servers Stateful devices (firewalls) on Aggregation layer Stateful = State of TCP connection Source: Santana 2014" xmpDM:startTime="3485033" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="ToR vs EoR ToR: + Easier cabling - If rack is not fully populated  unused ToR ports - If" xmpDM:startTime="3485200" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="rack traffic demand is high, difficult to add more ports - Upgrading (1G to 10G) requires complete Rack upgrade EoR:" xmpDM:startTime="3485200" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="- Longer cables + Severs can be placed in any rack + Ports can easily added, upgraded" xmpDM:startTime="3485200" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Switch Locations CV800207 Source: Santana 2014 Smaller cable between servers and switches Network team has to manage switches on all" xmpDM:startTime="3485367" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="racks All network switches in one rack" xmpDM:startTime="3485367" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks (Cont) Aggregation layer is also a place to put middleboxes, such as, firewalls, load balancers Access" xmpDM:startTime="3486433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Layer provide high number of ports for connectivity." xmpDM:startTime="3486433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Low Latency: In high-frequency trading market, a few microseconds make a big difference." xmpDM:startTime="3486433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name=" Cut-through switching and low-latency specifications." xmpDM:startTime="3486433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Each Layer 2 domain typically limited to a few hundred servers to limit broadcast Most traffic is internal to the" xmpDM:startTime="3486433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="data center." xmpDM:startTime="3486433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Most of the flows are small." xmpDM:startTime="3486433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mode = 100 MB." xmpDM:startTime="3486433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="DFS uses 100 MB chunks." xmpDM:startTime="3486433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Aggregation layer forwards server-to-server traffic in the data center =&gt; Not ideal for East-West Traffic Network is the bottleneck." xmpDM:startTime="3486433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Uplinks utilization of 80% is common." xmpDM:startTime="3486433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="3486433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks 20-40 servers per rack." xmpDM:startTime="3486667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Limited by power/cooling Each server connected to 2 access switches with 1 Gbps (10 Gbps becoming common) Access switches connect" xmpDM:startTime="3486667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="to 2 aggregation All switches below each pair of aggregation switches form a single layer-2 domain All traffic north of" xmpDM:startTime="3486667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches forwarded by L3 routing (South = Servers, North = Internet) Þ Aggregation switches are L3 switches Þ implement" xmpDM:startTime="3486667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="routing Aggregation switches connect to 2 core L3 switches Core L3 switches connect to edge routers Core layer forwards data" xmpDM:startTime="3486667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="center ingress and egress traffic Ref: A." xmpDM:startTime="3486667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Greenberg, &quot;VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center Network,&quot; CACM, Vol." xmpDM:startTime="3486667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="54, NO." xmpDM:startTime="3486667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3, March 2011, pp." xmpDM:startTime="3486667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="95-104, http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/80693/vl2-sigcomm09-final.pdf‎." xmpDM:startTime="3486667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="L3 L2" xmpDM:startTime="3486667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies: 3-Tier Core, Aggregation, Access CV800205 Source: Santana 2014" xmpDM:startTime="3487067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Zone Distribution Area High-fiber count cables connect ZDA to MDA or HDA." xmpDM:startTime="3490667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Low-fiber count cables connect ZDA to EDA as needed." xmpDM:startTime="3490667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Ref: Jennifer Cline, “Zone Distribution in the data center,” http://www.graybar.com/documents/zone-distribution-in-the-data-center.pdf‎" xmpDM:startTime="3490667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="3490667" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies: 3-Tier Core, Aggregation, Access CV800205 Source: Santana 2014" xmpDM:startTime="3491533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks 20-40 servers per rack." xmpDM:startTime="3545533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Limited by power/cooling Each server connected to 2 access switches with 1 Gbps (10 Gbps becoming common) Access switches connect" xmpDM:startTime="3545533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="to 2 aggregation All switches below each pair of aggregation switches form a single layer-2 domain All traffic north of" xmpDM:startTime="3545533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches forwarded by L3 routing (South = Servers, North = Internet) Þ Aggregation switches are L3 switches Þ implement" xmpDM:startTime="3545533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="routing Aggregation switches connect to 2 core L3 switches Core L3 switches connect to edge routers Core layer forwards data" xmpDM:startTime="3545533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="center ingress and egress traffic Ref: A." xmpDM:startTime="3545533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Greenberg, &quot;VL2: A Scalable and Flexible Data Center Network,&quot; CACM, Vol." xmpDM:startTime="3545533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="54, NO." xmpDM:startTime="3545533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3, March 2011, pp." xmpDM:startTime="3545533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="95-104, http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/80693/vl2-sigcomm09-final.pdf‎." xmpDM:startTime="3545533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="L3 L2" xmpDM:startTime="3545533" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks (Cont) Aggregation layer is also a place to put middleboxes, such as, firewalls, load balancers Access" xmpDM:startTime="3545800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Layer provide high number of ports for connectivity." xmpDM:startTime="3545800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Low Latency: In high-frequency trading market, a few microseconds make a big difference." xmpDM:startTime="3545800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name=" Cut-through switching and low-latency specifications." xmpDM:startTime="3545800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Each Layer 2 domain typically limited to a few hundred servers to limit broadcast Most traffic is internal to the" xmpDM:startTime="3545800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="data center." xmpDM:startTime="3545800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Most of the flows are small." xmpDM:startTime="3545800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mode = 100 MB." xmpDM:startTime="3545800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="DFS uses 100 MB chunks." xmpDM:startTime="3545800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Aggregation layer forwards server-to-server traffic in the data center =&gt; Not ideal for East-West Traffic Network is the bottleneck." xmpDM:startTime="3545800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Uplinks utilization of 80% is common." xmpDM:startTime="3545800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="3545800" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Switch Locations CV800207 Source: Santana 2014 Smaller cable between servers and switches Network team has to manage switches on all" xmpDM:startTime="3546133" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="racks All network switches in one rack" xmpDM:startTime="3546133" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="ToR vs EoR ToR: + Easier cabling - If rack is not fully populated  unused ToR ports - If" xmpDM:startTime="3546400" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="rack traffic demand is high, difficult to add more ports - Upgrading (1G to 10G) requires complete Rack upgrade EoR:" xmpDM:startTime="3546400" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="- Longer cables + Severs can be placed in any rack + Ports can easily added, upgraded" xmpDM:startTime="3546400" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Hierarchical Network Design All servers require application delivery services for security (VPN, Intrusion detection, firewall), performance (load balancer), networking" xmpDM:startTime="3546767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="(DNS, DHCP, NTP, FTP, RADIUS), Database services (SQL) ADCs are located between the aggregation and core routers and are shared" xmpDM:startTime="3546767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="by all servers Stateful devices (firewalls) on Aggregation layer Stateful = State of TCP connection Source: Santana 2014" xmpDM:startTime="3546767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Problem with 3-Tier Topology Failure of a single link can reduce the available bandwidth by half With more than two" xmpDM:startTime="3547467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches, spanning tree becomes unpredictable in case of certain failures." xmpDM:startTime="3547467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Two aggregation switch =&gt; They are the bottleneck It is not possible for VLANs to span across multiple pairs of" xmpDM:startTime="3547467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="aggregation switches since the pairs are connected by L3 VLAN provisioning becomes laborious Ref: Dinesh G." xmpDM:startTime="3547467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Dutt, &quot;Cloud-Native Data Center Networking,&quot; O'Reilly Media, Inc.," xmpDM:startTime="3547467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="December 2019, ISBN: 9781492045595, Safari Book." xmpDM:startTime="3547467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="3547467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Clos Networks Multi-stage circuit switching network proposed by Charles Clos in 1953 for telephone switching systems Allows forming a large" xmpDM:startTime="3634833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="switch from smaller switches The number of cross-points is reduced  Lower cost (then) 3-Stage Clos(n, m, r): ingress (rn×m)," xmpDM:startTime="3634833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="middle (mr×r), egress (rm×n) Strict-sense non-blocking if m &gt; 2n-1." xmpDM:startTime="3634833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Existing calls unaffected." xmpDM:startTime="3634833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Rearrangeably non-blocking if m &gt; n Can have any odd number of stages, e.g.," xmpDM:startTime="3634833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="5 Folded: Merge input and output in to one switch n×m n×m r×r r×r r×r m×n m×n Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clos_network" xmpDM:startTime="3634833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="r×r r×r r×r r=2, n=4, m=3 n+m port switches r-port switches" xmpDM:startTime="3634833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Homework 3A Draw a 3-stage clos(4,5,3) topology and its folded version." xmpDM:startTime="4035700" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="4035700" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Clos Networks Multi-stage circuit switching network proposed by Charles Clos in 1953 for telephone switching systems Allows forming a large" xmpDM:startTime="4044133" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="switch from smaller switches The number of cross-points is reduced  Lower cost (then) 3-Stage Clos(n, m, r): ingress (rn×m)," xmpDM:startTime="4044133" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="middle (mr×r), egress (rm×n) Strict-sense non-blocking if m &gt; 2n-1." xmpDM:startTime="4044133" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Existing calls unaffected." xmpDM:startTime="4044133" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Rearrangeably non-blocking if m &gt; n Can have any odd number of stages, e.g.," xmpDM:startTime="4044133" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="5 Folded: Merge input and output in to one switch n×m n×m r×r r×r r×r m×n m×n Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clos_network" xmpDM:startTime="4044133" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="r×r r×r r×r r=2, n=4, m=3 n+m port switches r-port switches" xmpDM:startTime="4044133" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Homework 3A Draw a 3-stage clos(4,5,3) topology and its folded version." xmpDM:startTime="4051433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="4051433" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Clos Networks Multi-stage circuit switching network proposed by Charles Clos in 1953 for telephone switching systems Allows forming a large" xmpDM:startTime="4052833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="switch from smaller switches The number of cross-points is reduced  Lower cost (then) 3-Stage Clos(n, m, r): ingress (rn×m)," xmpDM:startTime="4052833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="middle (mr×r), egress (rm×n) Strict-sense non-blocking if m &gt; 2n-1." xmpDM:startTime="4052833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Existing calls unaffected." xmpDM:startTime="4052833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Rearrangeably non-blocking if m &gt; n Can have any odd number of stages, e.g.," xmpDM:startTime="4052833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="5 Folded: Merge input and output in to one switch n×m n×m r×r r×r r×r m×n m×n Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clos_network" xmpDM:startTime="4052833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="r×r r×r r×r r=2, n=4, m=3 n+m port switches r-port switches" xmpDM:startTime="4052833" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Homework 3A Draw a 3-stage clos(4,5,3) topology and its folded version." xmpDM:startTime="4057700" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="4057700" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Clos Networks Multi-stage circuit switching network proposed by Charles Clos in 1953 for telephone switching systems Allows forming a large" xmpDM:startTime="4060467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="switch from smaller switches The number of cross-points is reduced  Lower cost (then) 3-Stage Clos(n, m, r): ingress (rn×m)," xmpDM:startTime="4060467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="middle (mr×r), egress (rm×n) Strict-sense non-blocking if m &gt; 2n-1." xmpDM:startTime="4060467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Existing calls unaffected." xmpDM:startTime="4060467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Rearrangeably non-blocking if m &gt; n Can have any odd number of stages, e.g.," xmpDM:startTime="4060467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="5 Folded: Merge input and output in to one switch n×m n×m r×r r×r r×r m×n m×n Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clos_network" xmpDM:startTime="4060467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="r×r r×r r×r r=2, n=4, m=3 n+m port switches r-port switches" xmpDM:startTime="4060467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Homework 3A Draw a 3-stage clos(4,5,3) topology and its folded version." xmpDM:startTime="4102067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="4102067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Clos Networks Multi-stage circuit switching network proposed by Charles Clos in 1953 for telephone switching systems Allows forming a large" xmpDM:startTime="4116767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="switch from smaller switches The number of cross-points is reduced  Lower cost (then) 3-Stage Clos(n, m, r): ingress (rn×m)," xmpDM:startTime="4116767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="middle (mr×r), egress (rm×n) Strict-sense non-blocking if m &gt; 2n-1." xmpDM:startTime="4116767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Existing calls unaffected." xmpDM:startTime="4116767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Rearrangeably non-blocking if m &gt; n Can have any odd number of stages, e.g.," xmpDM:startTime="4116767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="5 Folded: Merge input and output in to one switch n×m n×m r×r r×r r×r m×n m×n Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clos_network" xmpDM:startTime="4116767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="r×r r×r r×r r=2, n=4, m=3 n+m port switches r-port switches" xmpDM:startTime="4116767" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Homework 3A Draw a 3-stage clos(4,5,3) topology and its folded version." xmpDM:startTime="4124933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="" xmpDM:startTime="4124933" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Fat-Tree DCN Example 6 identical 36-port switches." xmpDM:startTime="4125467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="All ports 1 Gbps." xmpDM:startTime="4125467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="72 Servers." xmpDM:startTime="4125467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Each access switch connects to 18 servers." xmpDM:startTime="4125467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="9 Uplinks to first aggregation switch." xmpDM:startTime="4125467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Other 9 links to 2nd aggregation switch." xmpDM:startTime="4125467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Throughput between any two servers = 1 Gbps using ECMP Identical bandwidth (36 Gbps) at any bisection." xmpDM:startTime="4125467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Negative: Cabling complexity Aggregation Access Servers … … … … 9 Ref: Teach yourself Fat-Tree Design in 60 minutes, http://clusterdesign.org/fat-trees/" xmpDM:startTime="4125467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Spine Leaf" xmpDM:startTime="4125467" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li></rdf:Seq>
                     </xmpDM:markers>
                  </rdf:Description>
               </rdf:li>
               <rdf:li>
                  <rdf:Description xmpDM:trackType="TableOfContents" xmpDM:frameRate="f1000" xmpDM:trackName="Table of Contents">
                     <xmpDM:markers>
                        <rdf:Seq>
                           <rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center  Network Topologies" xmpDM:startTime="0" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="0" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="0, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Overview" xmpDM:startTime="29533" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="1" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="75, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Google’s Data Center" xmpDM:startTime="40767" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="2" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="150, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Cooling Plant" xmpDM:startTime="80167" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="3" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="225, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Servers" xmpDM:startTime="103033" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="4" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="300, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Modular Data Centers" xmpDM:startTime="435000" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="5" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="375, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Containerized Data Center" xmpDM:startTime="582533" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="6" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="450, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Unstructured Cabling" xmpDM:startTime="702567" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="7" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="525, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Structured Cabling" xmpDM:startTime="733433" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="8" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="600, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Physical Layout" xmpDM:startTime="778733" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="9" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="675, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Structured Cabling" xmpDM:startTime="873333" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="10" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="750, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Unstructured Cabling" xmpDM:startTime="873800" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="11" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="825, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Containerized Data Center" xmpDM:startTime="874267" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="12" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="900, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Unstructured Cabling" xmpDM:startTime="926567" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="13" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="975, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Structured Cabling" xmpDM:startTime="928867" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="14" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="1050, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Physical Layout" xmpDM:startTime="929500" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="15" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="1125, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="ANSI/TIA-942-2005 Standard" xmpDM:startTime="1090200" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="16" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="1200, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Physical Layout" xmpDM:startTime="1309167" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="17" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="1275, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="ANSI/TIA-942-2005 Standard" xmpDM:startTime="1329100" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="18" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="1350, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Physical Layout" xmpDM:startTime="1331900" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="19" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="1425, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="ANSI/TIA-942-2005 Standard" xmpDM:startTime="1334600" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="20" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="1500, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="ANSI/TIA-942-2005 Standard" xmpDM:startTime="1397333" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="21" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="1575, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="ANSI/TIA-942-2005 Standard" xmpDM:startTime="1546633" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="22" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="1650, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="ANSI/TIA-942-2005 Standard" xmpDM:startTime="1558200" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="23" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="1725, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Zone Distribution Area" xmpDM:startTime="1558800" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="24" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="1800, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies: 3-Tier" xmpDM:startTime="1715300" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="25" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="1875, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks" xmpDM:startTime="1856733" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="26" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="1950, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies: 3-Tier" xmpDM:startTime="1896433" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="27" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="2025, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks" xmpDM:startTime="1912200" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="28" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="2100, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies: 3-Tier" xmpDM:startTime="1915700" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="29" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="2175, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks" xmpDM:startTime="1923333" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="30" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="2250, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies: 3-Tier" xmpDM:startTime="1943967" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="31" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="2325, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks" xmpDM:startTime="2058633" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="32" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="2400, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies: 3-Tier" xmpDM:startTime="2211367" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="33" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="2475, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks" xmpDM:startTime="2243800" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="34" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="2550, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies: 3-Tier" xmpDM:startTime="2265467" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="35" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="2625, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks" xmpDM:startTime="2271800" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="36" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="2700, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies: 3-Tier" xmpDM:startTime="2275800" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="37" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="2775, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks" xmpDM:startTime="2355400" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="38" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="2850, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies: 3-Tier" xmpDM:startTime="2366900" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="39" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="2925, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks" xmpDM:startTime="2380233" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="40" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="3000, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks (Cont)" xmpDM:startTime="2399700" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="41" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="3075, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Switch Locations" xmpDM:startTime="2457800" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="42" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="3150, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks (Cont)" xmpDM:startTime="2459600" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="43" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="3225, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks" xmpDM:startTime="2459833" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="44" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="3300, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Data Center Network Topologies: 3-Tier" xmpDM:startTime="2460267" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" 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56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks" xmpDM:startTime="2930100" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="50" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="3750, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks (Cont)" xmpDM:startTime="2930767" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="51" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="3825, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Switch Locations" xmpDM:startTime="2932400" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="52" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="3900, 0, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="3-Tier Data Center Networks (Cont)" xmpDM:startTime="2933733" tscDM:image="m_03dct1_Thumbnails.png" tscDM:imageindex="53" tscDM:imageoffset="0" tscDM:imagerect="50, 56, 75, 56"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Switch Locations" xmpDM:startTime="2994000" 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