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Publications

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2009

  1. A New Computational Method for Simulation and Optimization of Hominin Gait, Tom Erez, William D. Smart, and Herman Pontzer. In "American Association of Physical Anthropologists Annual Meeting", April 2009.
  2. Scheduling Policy Design for Autonomic Systems, Robert Glaubius, Terry Tidwell, Christopher Gill, and William D. Smart. International Journal on Autonomous and Adaptive Communications Systems 2(3), pages 276-296, 2009.
  3. Coupling Perception and Action Using Minimax Optimal Control, Tom Erez and William D. Smart. In "Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement Learning (ADPRL 2009)", pages 58-65, 2009.

2008

  1. Advantages of a Gabor Wavelet Dictionary in ECoG Signal Analysis, Zachary Freudenburg, Nicholas Anderson, William D. Smart, Robert Pless, and Eric C. Leuthardt. In "Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting: Neuroscience 2008", November 2008.
  2. Scheduling Design and Verification for Open Soft Real-time Systems, Robert Glaubius, Terry Tidwell, William D. Smart, and Christopher Gill. Technical report WUCSE-2008-11, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, June 2008.
  3. Scheduling as a Learned Art, Christopher Gill, William D. Smart, Terry Tidwell, and Robert Glaubius. In "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Operating Systems Platforms for Embedded Real-Time Applications (OSPERT 2008)", pages 53-62, July 2008.
  4. Receding Horizon Differential Dynamic Programming, Yuval Tassa, Tom Erez, and William D. Smart. In "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 20", J. C. Platt, D. Koller, Y. Singer, and S. Roweis (editors), pages 1465-1472, 2008.
  5. A Supervisory Control Interface for Large Mobile Robot Groups, William D. Smart and Timothy M. Blakely. In "Proceedings of the American Nuclear Society 12th Robotics and Remote Systems for Hazardous Environments Topical Meeting", pages 457-463, 2008.
  6. Scheduling for Reliable Execution in Autonomic Systems, Terry Tidwell, Robert Glaubius, Christopher Gill, and William D. Smart. In "Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Autonomic and Trusted Computing (ATC-08)", volume 5060, pages 149-161, 2008.
  7. "Seamless Autonomy": Removing Autonomy Level Stratifications, Douglas A. Few, David J. Bruemmer, Curtis W. Nielsen, and William D. Smart. In "Proceedings of the Conference on Human System Interaction (HSI-08)", pages 446-451, 2008.
  8. Computationally Efficient Path-Following using Adaptive Color Models, Stuart Glaser, Eitan Marder-Eppstein, and William D. Smart. In "Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI 08)", 2008.
  9. What does Shaping Mean for Computational Reinforcement Learning?, Tom Erez and William D. Smart. In "Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning (ICDL 2008)", pages 215-219, 2008.
  10. Scheduling Design and Verification for Open Soft Real-time Systems, Robert Glaubius, Terry Tidwell, William D. Smart, and Christopher Gill. In "Proceedings of the 2008 Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS 2008)", pages 505-514, 2008.

2007

  1. Special Issue on the Science Behind Embodied AI: The Robots of the AAAI Competition and Exhibition., Paul Rybski and William D. Smart (editors). Autonomous Robots 22(7), Springer, May 2007.
  2. Introduction to the Special Issue on the Science Behind Embodied AI : The Robots of the AAAI Competition and Exhibition, Paul E. Rybski and William D. Smart. Autonomous Robots 22(7), pages 321-323, May 2007.
  3. Control of a Robotic Arm Using Low-Dimensional EMG and ECoG Biofeedback, Timothy M. Blakely and William D. Smart. Technical report WUCSE-2007-39, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, May 2007.
  4. Writing Code in the Field: Implications for Robot Software Development, William D. Smart. Chapter 5 in "Software Engineering for Experimental Robotics", Davide Brugali (editor), pages 93-105, Springer, 2007.
  5. Trends in Robot Software Domain Engineering, Davide Brugali, Arvin Agah, Bruce MacDonald, Issa A. D. Nesnas, and William D. Smart. Chapter 1 in "Software Engineering for Experimental Robotics", Davide Brugali (editor), pages 3-8, Springer, 2007.
  6. "What Does it Do?": HRI Studies with the General Public, Douglas A. Few, Christine M. Roman, David J. Bruemmer, and William D. Smart. In "Proceedings of the 16th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN 2007)", pages 744-749 , 2007.
  7. Bipedal Walking on Rough Terrain Using Manifold Control, Tom Erez and William D. Smart. In "IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Robots and Systems (IROS 2007)", pages 1539-1544 , 2007.
  8. Faster and More Accurate Face Detection on Mobile Robots using Geometric Constraints, Michael Dixon, Frederick Heckel, Robert Pless, and William D. Smart. In "IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Robots and Systems (IROS 2007)", pages 1041-1046 , 2007.
  9. Supporting Complex Robot Behaviors with Simple Interaction Tools, David J. Bruemmer, David I. Gertman, Curtis W. Nielsen, Douglas A. Few, and William D. Smart. Chapter 3 in "Human-Robot Interaction", Nilanjan Sarkar (editor), pages 39-63, I-Tech Education and Publishing, 2007.
  10. Is a Common Middleware for Robotics Possible?, William D. Smart. In "Proceedings of the IROS 2007 workshop on Measures and Procedures for the Evaluation of Robot Architectures and Middleware", 2007.

2006

  1. Non-Speech Aural Communication for Robots, Frederick Heckel and William D. Smart. In "Aurally Informed Performance: Integrating Machine Listening and Auditory Presentation in Robotic Systems: Papers from the AAAI Fall Symposium", Derek Brock, Ramani Duraiswami, and Alexander I. Rudnicky (editors), pages 28-32, October 2006.
  2. A Video Game-Based Mobile Robot Simulation Environment, Josh Faust, Cheryl Simon, and William D. Smart. In "Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Robots and Systems (IROS 2006)", pages 3749-3754 , October 2006.
  3. The WURDE Robotics Middleware and RIDE Multi-Robot Tele-Operation Interface, Frederick Heckel, Tim Blakely, Michael Dixon, Chris Wilson, and William D. Smart. In "AAAI Mobile Robot Competition 2006: Papers from the AAAI Workshop", pages 10-14, July 2006.
  4. Evaluation of Optical Distortion in a Transparency, Philip Freeman, Michael Gleason, Matthew Thomas, Michael Dixon, Robert Pless, and William D. Smart. 2006.

2005

  1. Speeding up Reinforcement Learning using Manifold Representations: Preliminary Results, Robert Glaubius, Motoi Namihira, and William D. Smart. In "Proceedings of the IJCAI 2005 Workshop on Reasoning with Uncertainty in Robotics (RUR 05)", July 2005.
  2. Why (PO)MDPs Lose for Spatial Tasks and What to Do About It, Terran Lane and William D. Smart. In "Proceedings of the ICML Workshop on Rich Representations for Reinforcement Learning", August 2005.
  3. Writing Code in the Field: Implications for Robot Software Architectures, William D. Smart. In "Proceedings of the ICRA 2005 Workshop on Principles and Practice of Software Development in Robotics (SDIR)", April 2005.
  4. Manifold Representations for Value-Function Approximation in Reinforcement Learning, Robert Glaubius and William Smart. Technical report WUCSE-2005-19, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 2005.
  5. The 2004 Mobile Robot Competition and Exhibition, William D. Smart, Sheila Tejada, Bruce Maxwell, Ashley Stroupe, Jennifer Casper, Adam Jacoff, Holly Yanco, and Magda Bugajska. AI Magazine 26(2), pages 25-35, 2005.

2004

  1. Deployable Inspector Spacecraft for Distributed Field Measurements, Jared Macke, David Miller, Michael Swartwout, Keith Bennett, and William D. Smart. In "Proceedings of the 2004 International Communications Satellite Systems Conference", May 2004.
  2. Integrating Education and Real Research, James Garner, Keith Bennett, William D. Smart, David J. Bruemmer, Douglas A. Few, and Christine M. Roman. In "Accessible Hands-on Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Education: Papers from 2004 AAAI Spring Symposium", Lloyd Greenwald, Zachary Dodds, Ayanna Howard, Sheila Tejada, and Jerry Weinberg (editors), pages 129-133, March 2004.
  3. Manifold Representations for Value-Function Approximation, Robert Glaubius and William D. Smart. In "Learning and Planning in Markov Processes --- Advances and Challenges: Papers from the 2004 AAAI Workshop", Daniela Pucci de Farias, Shie Mannor, Doina Precup, and Georgios Theocharous (editors), pages 13-18, June 2004.
  4. Programming Robots using High-Level Task Descriptions, Andrew J. Martignoni III and William D. Smart. In "Supervisory Control of Learning and Adaptive Systems: Papers from the 2004 AAAI Workshop", Mike Rosenstein and Mohammad Ghavamzadeh (editors), pages 49-54, June 2004.
  5. Interpolation-Based Q-Learning, Csaba Szepesvári and William D. Smart. In "Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2004)", Russell Greiner and Dale Schuurmans (editors), pages 791-798, July 2004.
  6. The Remote Exploration Project: A Collaborative Outreach Approach to Robotics Education, James Garner, William D. Smart, Keith Bennett, David J. Bruemmer, Douglas A. Few, and Christine M. Roman. In "Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA 2004)", volume 2, pages 1826-1830, April 2004.
  7. AAAI Mobile Robot Competition and Exhibition: Papers from the 2004 AAAI Workshop, Frederick Crabbe, William D. Smart, and Sheila Tejada (editors). Technical report WS-04-11, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, 2004.
  8. Explicit Manifold Representations for Value-Function Approximation in Reinforcement Learning, William D. Smart. In "Proceedings of the Eigth International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics", 2004.
  9. A Framework for Robust Mobile Robot Systems, Nik Melchior and William D. Smart. In "Mobile Robots XVII (Proceedings of the SPIE 5609)", pages 145-155, 2004.
  10. Behavior Construction and Refinement from High-Level Specifications, Andrew J. Martignoni III and William D. Smart. In "Mobile Robots XVII (Proceedings of the SPIE 5609)", pages 289-287, 2004.
  11. Say Cheese!: Experiences with a Robot Photographer, Zachary Byers, Michael Dixon, William D. Smart, and Cindy M. Grimm. AI Magazine 25(3), pages 37-46, 2004.
  12. 2003 AAAI Robot Competition and Exhibition, Bruce Maxwell, William D. Smart, Adam Jacoff, Jennifer Casper, Brian Weiss, Jean Scholtz, Holly Yanco, Mark Micire, Ashley Stroupe, Dan Stormont, and Tom Lauwers. AI Magazine 25(2), pages 68-80, 2004.
  13. How to Trust Robots Further than We Can Throw Them, David Bruemmer, Douglas Few, Michael Goodrich, Donald Norman, Nilanjan Sarkar, Jean Scholtz, Bill Smart, Mark L. Swinson, and Holly Yanco. In "Proceedings of the CHI 2004 panel on "How to Trust Robots Further than We Can Throw Them"", 2004.

2003

  1. An Autonomous Robot Photographer, Zachary Byers, Michael Dixon, Kevin Goodier, Cindy M. Grimm, and William D. Smart. In "Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Robots and Systems (IROS 2003)", volume 3, pages 2636-2641, October 2003.
  2. (Not) Interacting with a Robot Photographer, William D. Smart, Cindy M. Grimm, Michael Dixon, and Zachary Byers. In "Human Interaction with Autonomous Systems in Complex Environments: Papers from the 2003 AAAI Spring Symposum", David Kortenkamp and Michael Freed (editors), pages 181-186, March 2003.
  3. Visual Feature Detection using Genetic Programming, Andrew J. Marek, William D. Smart, and Martin C. Martin. In "Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2003) Workshop on Learning in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition", June 2003.
  4. Say Cheese!: Experiences with a Robot Photographer, Zachary Byers, Michael Dixon, William D. Smart, and Cindy M. Grimm. In "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference (IAAI 2003)", John Riedl and Randy Hill (editors), pages 65-70, August 2003.
  5. Lewis the Graduate Student: An Entry in the AAAI Robot Challenge, William D. Smart, Michael Dixon, Nik Melchior, Joseph Tucek, and Ashwin Srinivas. In "AAAI Mobile Robot Competition 2003: Papers from the AAAI Workshop", William D. Smart, Bruce A. Maxwell, and Magdalena Bugajska (editors), pages 46-51, August 2003.
  6. The Bandit: An Automated Vision-Navigated Inspector Spacecraft, Michael Swartwout, Jared Macke, Keith Bennett, and William D. Smart. In "Proceedings of the 17th AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites", August 2003.
  7. Picture Composition for a Robot Photographer, Michael Dixon, Cindy M. Grimm, and William D. Smart. Technical report WUCSE-2003-52, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 2003.
  8. AAAI Mobile Robot Competition: Papers from the 2003 Workshop, William D. Smart and Magdalena Bugajska (editors). Technical report WS-03-01, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, 2003.

2002

  1. Learning Visual Feature Detectors for Obstacle Avoidance using Genetic Programming, Andrew J. Marek, William D. Smart, and Martin C. Martin. In "Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 2002) Late-Breaking Papers Track", July 2002.
  2. Effective Reinforcement Learning for Mobile Robots, William D. Smart and Leslie Pack Kaelbling. In "Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)", volume 4, pages 3404-3410, 2002.
  3. Making Reinforcement Learning Work on Real Robots, William D. Smart. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Computer Science, Brown University, 2002.
  4. View-Dependent Texture Maps, Cindy M. Grimm, William D. Smart, and John Hughes. Technical report WUCSE-2002-10, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 2002.
  5. AAAI Mobile Robot Competition and Exhibition: Papers from the AAAI Workshop, William D. Smart, Tucker Balch, and Holly Yanco (editors). Technical report WS-02-18, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, 2002.
  6. Middleware for Robots?, Christopher D. Gill and William D. Smart. In "Intelligent Distributed and Embedded Systems: Papers from the 2002 AAAI Spring Symposium", Gaurav S. Sukhatme and Tucker Balch (editors), pages 1-5, 2002.

2001

  1. Reinforcement Learning for Robot Control, William D. Smart and Leslie Pack Kaelbling. In "Mobile Robots XVI (Proceedings of the SPIE 4573)", Douglas W. Gage and Howie M. Choset (editors), 2001.

2000

  1. Practical Reinforcement Learning in Continuous Spaces, William D. Smart and Leslie Pack Kaelbling. In "Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2000)", Pat Langley (editor), pages 903-910, June 2000.

1998

  1. Getting Reinforcement Learning to Work on Real Robots, William D. Smart and Leslie Pack Kaelbling. In "Proceedings of the Conference on Automated Learning and Discovery (CONALD 98)", June 1998.

1997

  1. BeeSoft User's Guide and Software Reference, Wendy Christensen, Tyson Sawyer, Jim Kurien, Bill Smart, Grinnell More, and Sebastian Thrun. 1997.

1996

  1. A Framework for Reinforcement Learning on Real Robots, William D. Smart. In "Proceedings of the US-Japan Graduate Student Forum in Robotics", pages 60-63, 1996.

1994

  1. Multimodality in the ARCHIE System, William D. Smart, Ian W. Ricketts, Alistair Y. Cairns, and Andy Cobley. In "Interface to Real and Virtual Worlds: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference", pages 85-95, 1994.
  2. ARCHIE: Plan Recognition and Interface Advice on the Flight Deck, William D. Smart, Alistair Cairns, and Ian W. Ricketts. In "Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence Systems in Aerospace and Industry (Proceedings of the SPIE 2244)", Wray Buntine and Doug H. Fisher (editors), pages 274-282, 1994.
  3. Alternative Access to Assitive Devices, Alistair Y. Cairns, William D. Smart, and Ian W. Ricketts. In "Proceedings of the Rehabilitation and Engineering Society of North America (RESNA) 1994 Annual Conference", pages 397-399, 1994.
  4. Alternative Access to Assitive Devices for the Physically Impaired, Alistair Y. Cairns, William D. Smart, and Ian W. Ricketts. In "Proceedings of the Sixth Biennial Conference of the International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (ISAAC)", pages 449-451, 1994.
  5. Location Recognition with Self-Ordering Networks, William D. Smart and John Hallam. Research paper 683, Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh, 1994.
  6. Location Recognition in Rats and Robots, William D. Smart and John Hallam. In "From Animals to Animats 3: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (SAB 94)", pages 174-178, 1994.
  7. Location Recognition with Self-Ordering Networks, William D. Smart and John Hallam. In "Proceedings of the IMACS International Symposium on Signal Processing, Robotics, and Neural Networks", pages 449-454, 1994.

1993

  1. Practical Multimodality, William D. Smart, Andy Cobley, Ian W. Ricketts, and Alistair Y. Cairns. In "Proceedings of the ERCIM Multimodal Human-Computer Interaction Workshop", November 1993.
  2. ARCHIE: Plan Recognition in a Human-Computer Interface, William D. Smart, Jørgen Flensholt, Carsten Gomard, Alistair Y. Cairns, Ian W. Ricketts, and Erik Hollnagel. In "Proceedings of the 12th UK Planning/Scheduling SIG Workshop", May 1993.
  3. Multimodal and Alternative Input: A Survey, William D. Smart, Andy Cobley, Alistair Y. Cairns, and Ian W. Ricketts. Technical report CS93/07, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Dundee University, 1993.

1992

  1. Location Recognition with Neural Networks in a Mobile Robot, William D. Smart. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh, 1992.