Carrier Networking Technologies
Overview
Phone Voice Quality
Time Division Multiplexing
Multiplexing
T1 Frame
T1
North America vs Europe
European System: E1
Digital TDM Hierarchy
SONET
SONET Protocols
Physical Components
Signal Hierarchy
Delay Sensitive Transport
Byte Multiplexing
SONET Frame Format
STS-1 Frame Format
STS-1 Overhead Bytes
SONET Overhead Bytes
Floating Payload
Virtual Tributaries
How to Send Bigger Payloads?
Concatenation
STS-3c Frame Format
STS-3c Overhead bytes
Protection
Line vs. Path
1+1 Protection
1:1 Protection
Rings Provide Protection
Unidirectional Path Switched Ring
Bi-directional Line-Switched Ring
Bi-directional Line-Switched Ring (2-Fiber)
Timing in Networks
Clock Distribution
Scrambling
SONET Scrambling
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SONET vs SDH
Optical Transport Network (OTN)
OTN Layers and Frame Format
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