Carrier Networking Technologies


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Table of Contents

Carrier Networking Technologies

Overview

Phone Voice Quality

Time Division Multiplexing

Multiplexing

T1 Frame

T1

North America vs Europe

European System: E1

Digital TDM Hierarchy

SONET

SONET Protocols

Physical Components

Signal Hierarchy

Delay Sensitive Transport

Byte Multiplexing

SONET Frame Format

STS-1 Frame Format

STS-1 Overhead Bytes

SONET Overhead Bytes

Floating Payload

Virtual Tributaries

How to Send Bigger Payloads?

Multiplexing

Concatenation

STS-3c Frame Format

STS-3c Overhead bytes

Protection

Protection

Line vs. Path

1+1 Protection

1:1 Protection

Rings Provide Protection

Unidirectional Path Switched Ring

Bi-directional Line-Switched Ring

Bi-directional Line-Switched Ring (2-Fiber)

Timing in Networks

Clock Distribution

Scrambling

SONET Scrambling

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SONET vs SDH

Optical Transport Network (OTN)

OTN Layers and Frame Format

Author: Raj Jain

Home Page: http://www1.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/

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